Running title: INSERT RUNNING TITLE HERE

Munkhtsetseg^1^5\(^*\), Shimizu. A^2, Matsuki. A^3, Batdorj. D^4, Matsui. H^1\(^*\)

\(^*\) To whom correspondence should be addressed:

1. Nagoya University, Japan

2. NIES

Abstract (150 words)

Storyline:

  1. A new pattern is emerged
  2. Air quality in urban sites is episodically dictated by dust events in spring or late autumn, yet seasonally governed by anthropogenic emissions in winter. [Air quality is governed by natural dust emission, and anthropogenic emissions]
  3. With recent growing interest in urban life style, and combustion of coal/oyutolgoi for heating winter conditions results a highly increase in not only capital city but also towns
  4. In a result, spring coarse dust, plus winter fine pollutants
  5. spring coarse dust is immediately transported and deposited in the source area, whereas winter fine pollutants is permanently stayed in the source area due to stagnant atmosphere govern over entire country., perhaps floating in the near surface, deposits in the surface]
  6. Alarms, the Mongolian dust in the spring, optical properties might be shifted; this gives … Gobi dust and sand storms has become tuiren, from the shoroon shuurga. which clearly requires the attention.
  7. r ratio shows … emission source; dust might carry anthropogenic fine particulates as well.

Introduction

* Advanced the knowledge of global dust, has reached to recognize the sources,.
  - Classification dust brown color, seasonal characteristics, with coarse fractions.
  - This knowledge further efficient to climate system when elaborating dust-aerosol effects.
  - But, a large uncertainties in the global dust model has existed so for climate models which clearly limits our understanding the climate system and shape the facing global issues of global warming.
  - This is mainly caused by the lack of parameterization and recognition of iterative changes controlled by the natural forces and anthropogenic drivings.

* Mongolian dust brown color, seasonal characteristics, with coarse fractions.
  - Mongolian dust has an attention of the its mass fraction in global dust, yet unlikely elaborated in the climate models due to its majority of coarse fraction for its a small contribution to the climate system through its radiative feedback.
  - But, such recognized characterization might get no longer valid due to recent change in the driving of the emissions of air particulate matters. A large high concentrations of PM2.5 in the capital city of Mongolia has been observed  as a result of the heavy consumptions of coal as a winter heating has rapidly spread as a mining industry taken off since 2000. Winter weather stagnant conditions governed by the Siberian magnifies the concentrations of the particulate matter emissions by trapping the polluted air below the boundary layer, so that results in a very large high concentrations of PM2.5, locally. Even  recognized as one of the highly polluted capital cities in the world.
  - Therefore, It is important to examine the emerging changes and shifting patterns of air particulate matters in Mongolia. More importantly, it is essential to reveal the significant changes in the the altered fraction particularly, in the dust seasons considering its high potential of intriuging in the free atmosphere to transported in the long-distance, so carrying capacity of the role to shift the global climate system, and its side impacts on downwind regions.

Research Qs

Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate the distinct temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and PM10 across urban and rural Mongolia using extensive data from 2008 to 2020.

On spring, the dust storm from the Gobi Desert contribute significantly to increased aerosols in the atmosphere and ambient air pollution, leading to sporadic peaks in PM10 concentrations reaching as high as 64-234 \(\mu g m^{-3}\) per day or exceeding 6000 \(\mu g m^{-3}\) per hour (Jugder). concentrations of particulate matter is ephederemal, yet vary depending on whether the pollution cause is natural or industrial, local or transported, seasonal or non-seasonal, makes complex and challenging. 1. Do concentrations of particulate matters differ in between urban and rural sites, and even within Gobi sites? 2. Do distinct temporal variations has existed among the sites? 3. Do PM2.5 particulates has contributed to the PM10 annual variations?

-   If yes, how much, and when and where?
-   What is the sd, mean, and median
    -   box plot
    -   violin
    -   scatter points, epidemic, sporadic
-   Daily variations to examine it related to the heating
    -   2 peaks: smaller and bigger
    -   compare the t-duration exceeds 50mug/m3/hour

4.  Does it has distinct patterns among the sites regarding to the
    drivings

-   How PMs varies with the wind speed and visibility
-   Do they differently explained with variables and changes in
    drivings (with PCA analysis)

5.  Is there any significant changes in time-series of PMs at 4
    seasons
6.  Is there any significant changes in ratio in the spring in
    respect to winter?

    The present study will contribute significantly to the understanding
        of air particulate matter patterns in Mongolia and providing
        comprehensive data insights for policymakers and public health
        sectors. Our findings is useful not only for addressing national health
        impacts but also beneficial for understanding air particulate matter
        as ambient air pollution, and tackling atmospheric aerosol effects
        in the climate system, and revealing their transboundary effects to
        the downwind regions in South-east Asia.

Results

The spatio-temporal variations of the PMs at the study sites

Conclusions

Results and Discussion

Distinct concentrations of coarse and fine particulates among sites
Distinct concentrations of coarse and fine particulates among sites
  1. Compare the concentrations of PMs at UB is the 2. Significance level difference 3. Conclude
Annual variations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$
Annual variations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$
  1. Clear annual variations at UB and DZ from pm2.5 pollutions 2. at ZU, and SS has a seasonally peaks episodic spring and late autumn from PM10
Daily variations of PM_{10} and PM_{2.5} at UB and DZ sites
Daily variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) at UB and DZ sites
Relationships between meteorological major factors and variations of PM_{10} and PM_{2.5}
Relationships between meteorological major factors and variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\)
Spatio-temporal distinct feature of variations of PM_{10} and PM_{2.5} with PCA analysis
Spatio-temporal distinct feature of variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) with PCA analysis
Patterns of meteorology and PMs at the 4 sites
Patterns of meteorology and PMs at the 4 sites
Interannual and seasonal trends of PM_{10} and PM_{2.5} variations
Interannual and seasonal trends of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) variations

Conclusions

In this study, we investigated the temporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the 4 sites of rural and urban those located along the the wind corridor. Three distinct variations has been detected.

A clear seasonal variations in the sites of UB and DZ is [Air quality is governed by natural dust emission, and anthropogenic emissions] * Due to rapid increase in urban, and combustion of coal/oyutolgoi for heating winter conditions results a highly increase in not only capital city but also towns * In a result, spring coarse dust, plus winter fine pollutants [spring coarse dust is immediately transported and deposited in the source area, whereas winter fine pollutants is permanently stayed in the source area due to stagnant atmosphere govern over entire country., perhaps float- ing in the near surface, deposits in the surface] * Alarms, the Mongolian dust in the spring, optical properties will be shifted; this gives … Gobi dust and sand storms has become tuiren, from the shoroon shuurga. which clearly requires the attention.

Following problems

Materials and Methods

Materials

Methods 3,000 words

Acknowledgements

Keep acknowledgements brief and do not include thanks to anonymous referees or editors, or effusive comments. Grant or contribution numbers may be acknowledged.

Figures (10)

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References (70)

Supplementary

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Materials and Methods

A description of study sites

According to the spatial magnitude of wind stress in Mongolia (Figure 1), the largest magnitude of wind speed is on the Gobi sites, particularly those located in the southeast edge of the country.

  • The impact of high winds on plant diversity varies across environmental gradients of precipitation and soil fertility (Milchunas et al., 1988).
  • In the desert steppe zone, species richness was lower in the drier years but did not vary with grazing pressure.
  • In the steppe zone, species richness varied significantly with grazing pressure but did not vary between years. Species richness is not impacted by grazing gradient in desert steppe, but it is in the steppe (Cheng et al., 2011).

In the last 2 decades, due to poverty and natural disasters there is population immigration has taken place from the rural to urban, especially to capital city of Mongolia. Due to tiny infrastructure to provide the mega city with the dense population, it introduces the urban pollution. Therefore, Ulaanbaatar air particulate matter mainly reflects the coal burning, and partly, natural dust.

Consequently, the atmospheric environment and climate for Mongolian Gobi has been impacted the most by frequent dust and and sand storm in the spring.

Our study was carried out in Dalanzadgad (town center) (Tbl. 1; 43.57°N, 104.42°E), Sainshand (Tbl. 1; 44.87°N, 110.12°E) and Zamyn-Uud (Tbl. 1; 43.72°N, 111.90°E) in the Gobi Desert, and at Ulaanbaatar (Tbl.??.??°N, 104.42°E) (city center) located in the temperate Mongolian steppe of Mongolia (Figure 2). Nomads and settlements of this sum have raised a large number of livestock, and they rank at number 30 out of 329 sums for the largest number of livestock raised per sum (Saizen et al., 2010). In the last decade, the number of dust events associated with wind erodibility increased by 30 % in Bayan-Önjüül (Kurosaki et al., 2011). This is an area where dust emissions activity has been monitored on a long-term basis (Shinoda et al., 2010a) at a dust observation site (DOS) adjacent to the study site (Fig. 1a). According to long-term meteorological observations made at the monitoring station of the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Mongolia located near the site, the prevailing wind direction is northwest. Mean annual precipitation is 163 mm, and mean temperature is 0.1◦C for the period 1995 to 2005 (Shinoda et al., 2010b). Soil texture is dominated by sand (98.1 %, with only 1.3 % clay and 0.6 % silt; Table 1; Shinoda et al., 2010a). Insert figure legends with the first sentence in bold, for example:

Geographic locations of study sites]

Table 1. A description of datasets obtained at the sites
Table 1. A description of datasets obtained at the sites
Scheme 1. Data handling procedure
Scheme 1. Data handling procedure
Figure 2. Data gap filling
Figure 2. Data gap filling
Figure 2b. Data gap filling
Figure 2b. Data gap filling

References